Haplogroup D (mtDNA)
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In
human mitochondrial genetics Human mitochondrial genetics is the study of the genetics of human mitochondrial DNA (the DNA contained in human mitochondria). The human mitochondrial genome is the entirety of hereditary information contained in human mitochondria. Mitochondri ...
, Haplogroup D is a
human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup In human genetics, a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by differences in human mitochondrial DNA. Haplogroups are used to represent the major branch points on the mitochondrial phylogenetic tree. Understanding the evol ...
. It is a descendant haplogroup of haplogroup M, thought to have arisen somewhere in Asia, between roughly 60,000 and 35,000 years ago (in the
Late Pleistocene The Late Pleistocene is an unofficial Age (geology), age in the international geologic timescale in chronostratigraphy, also known as Upper Pleistocene from a Stratigraphy, stratigraphic perspective. It is intended to be the fourth division of ...
, before the
Last Glacial Maximum The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), also referred to as the Late Glacial Maximum, was the most recent time during the Last Glacial Period that ice sheets were at their greatest extent. Ice sheets covered much of Northern North America, Northern Eur ...
and the
settlement of the Americas The settlement of the Americas began when Paleolithic hunter-gatherers entered North America from the North Asian Mammoth steppe via the Beringia land bridge, which had formed between northeastern Siberia and western Alaska due to the lowering of ...
). estimated at (
95% CI In frequentist statistics, a confidence interval (CI) is a range of estimates for an unknown parameter. A confidence interval is computed at a designated ''confidence level''; the 95% confidence level is most common, but other levels, such as 9 ...
) in: In contemporary populations, it is found especially in Central and Northeast Asia. Haplogroup D (more specifically, subclade D4) is one of five main haplogroups found in the
indigenous peoples of the Americas The Indigenous peoples of the Americas are the inhabitants of the Americas before the arrival of the European settlers in the 15th century, and the ethnic groups who now identify themselves with those peoples. Many Indigenous peoples of the A ...
, the others being A, B, C, and X. Among the Nepalese population, haplogroup D is the most dominant maternal lineage in Tamang (26.1%) and Magar (24.3%).


Subclades

There are two principal branches, D4 and D5'6. D1, D2 and D3 are subclades of D4.


D4

D1 is a basal branch of D4 that is widespread and diverse in the Americas. Subclades D4b1, D4e1, and D4h are found both in Asia and in the Americas and are thus of special interest for the
settlement of the Americas The settlement of the Americas began when Paleolithic hunter-gatherers entered North America from the North Asian Mammoth steppe via the Beringia land bridge, which had formed between northeastern Siberia and western Alaska due to the lowering of ...
. D2, which occurs with high frequency in some arctic and subarctic populations (especially
Aleuts The Aleuts ( ; russian: Алеуты, Aleuty) are the indigenous people of the Aleutian Islands, which are located between the North Pacific Ocean and the Bering Sea. Both the Aleut people and the islands are politically divided between the U ...
), is a subclade of D4e1 parallel to D4e1a and D4e1c, so it properly should be termed D4e1b. D3, which has been found mainly in some Siberian populations and in
Inuit Inuit (; iu, ᐃᓄᐃᑦ 'the people', singular: Inuk, , dual: Inuuk, ) are a group of culturally similar indigenous peoples inhabiting the Arctic and subarctic regions of Greenland, Labrador, Quebec, Nunavut, the Northwest Territories ...
of Canada and Greenland, is a branch of D4b1c. D4 (3010, 8414, 14668): The subclade D4 is the most frequently occurring mtDNA haplogroup among modern populations of northern East Asia, such as
Japanese Japanese may refer to: * Something from or related to Japan, an island country in East Asia * Japanese language, spoken mainly in Japan * Japanese people, the ethnic group that identifies with Japan through ancestry or culture ** Japanese diaspor ...
, Okinawans,
Koreans Koreans ( South Korean: , , North Korean: , ; see names of Korea) are an East Asian ethnic group native to the Korean Peninsula. Koreans mainly live in the two Korean nation states: North Korea and South Korea (collectively and simply refe ...
, northern
Han Chinese The Han Chinese () or Han people (), are an East Asian ethnic group native to China. They constitute the world's largest ethnic group, making up about 18% of the global population and consisting of various subgroups speaking distinctive va ...
(''e.g.'' from
Lanzhou Lanzhou (, ; ) is the capital and largest city of Gansu Province in Northwest China. Located on the banks of the Yellow River, it is a key regional transportation hub, connecting areas further west by rail to the eastern half of the country. H ...
), and some Mongolic- or Tungusic-speaking populations of the
Hulunbuir Hulunbuir or Hulun Buir ( mn, , ''Kölün buyir'', Mongolian Cyrillic: Хөлөнбуйр, ''Khölönbuir''; zh, s=呼伦贝尔, ''Hūlúnbèi'ěr'') is a region that is governed as a prefecture-level city in northeastern Inner Mongolia, China. ...
region, such as Barghuts in Hulun Buir Aimak,
Mongols The Mongols ( mn, Монголчууд, , , ; ; russian: Монголы) are an East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia, Inner Mongolia in China and the Buryatia Republic of the Russian Federation. The Mongols are the principal membe ...
and
Evenks The Evenks (also spelled Ewenki or Evenki based on their endonym )Autonym: (); russian: Эвенки (); (); formerly known as Tungus or Tunguz; mn, Хамниган () or Aiwenji () are a Tungusic people of North Asia. In Russia, the Even ...
in
New Barag Left Banner New Barag Left Banner ( Mongolian: ''Sin-e Barɣu Jegün qosiɣu''; ) is a banner of Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China, bordering Mongolia Mongolia; Mongolian script: , , ; lit. "Mongol Nation" or "State of Mongolia" () is ...
, and Oroqens in
Oroqen Autonomous Banner Oroqen Autonomous Banner ( Mongolian: , ''Orčon-u öbertegen jasaqu qosiɣu'', Mongolian Cyrillic: Орчон өөртөө засах хошуу; Simplified Chinese: 鄂伦春自治旗, Pinyin: ''Èlúnchūn Zìzhìqí'') is an autonomous ban ...
. D4 is also the most common haplogroup among the
Oroks Oroks (''Ороки'' in Russian; self-designation: ''Ulta, Ulcha''), sometimes called Uilta, are a people in the Sakhalin Oblast (mainly the eastern part of the island) in Russia. The Orok language belongs to the Southern group of the Tungu ...
of
Sakhalin Sakhalin ( rus, Сахали́н, r=Sakhalín, p=səxɐˈlʲin; ja, 樺太 ''Karafuto''; zh, c=, p=Kùyèdǎo, s=库页岛, t=庫頁島; Manchu: ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ, ''Sahaliyan''; Orok: Бугата на̄, ''Bugata nā''; Nivkh: ...
, the
Buryats The Buryats ( bua, Буряад, Buryaad; mn, Буриад, Buriad) are a Mongolic peoples, Mongolic ethnic group native to southeastern Siberia who speak the Buryat language. They are one of the two largest indigenous groups in Siberia, the oth ...
and
Khamnigans The Khamnigan, Hamnigan Mongols, or the Tungus Evenki, are a Tungusic- Mongolic ethnic (sub)group of Mongolized Evenks. Khamnigan is the Buriat- Mongolian term for all Ewenkis. In the early 16th century, the Evenks of Transbaikalia or Khamnigan ...
of the
Buryat Republic Buryatia, officially the Republic of Buryatia (russian: Республика Бурятия, r=Respublika Buryatiya, p=rʲɪsˈpublʲɪkə bʊˈrʲætʲɪjə; bua, Буряад Улас, Buryaad Ulas, , mn, Буриад Улс, Buriad Uls), is ...
, the
Kalmyks The Kalmyks ( Kalmyk: Хальмгуд, ''Xaľmgud'', Mongolian: Халимагууд, ''Halimaguud''; russian: Калмыки, translit=Kalmyki, archaically anglicised as ''Calmucks'') are a Mongolic ethnic group living mainly in Russia, w ...
of the Kalmyk Republic, the Telenghits and
Kazakhs The Kazakhs (also spelled Qazaqs; Kazakh: , , , , , ; the English name is transliterated from Russian; russian: казахи) are a Turkic-speaking ethnic group native to northern parts of Central Asia, chiefly Kazakhstan, but also parts o ...
of the
Altai Republic The Altai Republic (; russian: Респу́блика Алта́й, Respublika Altay, ; Altai: , ''Altay Respublika''), also known as Gorno-Altai Republic, and colloquially, and primarily referred to in Russian to distinguish from the neighbour ...
, and the Kyrgyz of Kyzylsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture. It also predominates among published samples of Paleo-Indians and individuals whose remains have been recovered from
Chertovy Vorota Cave Chertovy Vorota Cave (known as Devil's Gate Cave in English) is a Neolithic archaeological site located in the Sikhote-Alin mountains, about from the town of Dalnegorsk in Primorsky Krai, Russia. The karst cave is located on a limestone cliff and ...
. Spread also all over
China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...
, the
Himalayas The Himalayas, or Himalaya (; ; ), is a mountain range in Asia, separating the plains of the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau. The range has some of the planet's highest peaks, including the very highest, Mount Everest. Over 100 ...
,
Central Asia Central Asia, also known as Middle Asia, is a subregion, region of Asia that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to western China and Mongolia in the east, and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north. It includes t ...
,
Siberia Siberia ( ; rus, Сибирь, r=Sibir', p=sʲɪˈbʲirʲ, a=Ru-Сибирь.ogg) is an extensive geographical region, constituting all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has been a part of ...
, and
indigenous peoples of the Americas The Indigenous peoples of the Americas are the inhabitants of the Americas before the arrival of the European settlers in the 15th century, and the ethnic groups who now identify themselves with those peoples. Many Indigenous peoples of the A ...
, with some cases observed in
Southeast Asia Southeast Asia, also spelled South East Asia and South-East Asia, and also known as Southeastern Asia, South-eastern Asia or SEA, is the geographical United Nations geoscheme for Asia#South-eastern Asia, south-eastern region of Asia, consistin ...
,
Southwest Asia Western Asia, West Asia, or Southwest Asia, is the westernmost subregion of the larger geographical region of Asia, as defined by some academics, UN bodies and other institutions. It is almost entirely a part of the Middle East, and includes Anat ...
, and
Europe Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a Continent#Subcontinents, subcontinent of Eurasia ...
. Khattak and Kheshgi in Peshawar Valley, Pakistan *D4* - China, Korea, Japan, Thailand (
Lisu Lisu may refer to: *Lisu people, an ethnic group of Southeast Asia *Lisu language, spoken by the Lisu people * Old Lisu Alphabet or Fraser Alphabet *Lisu syllabary * Lisu (Unicode block), the block of Unicode characters for the Lisu language. *Lisu ...
from
Mae Hong Son Province Mae Hong Son province ( Burmese: မဲဟောင်ဆောင်; th, แม่ฮ่องสอน, ; Northern Thai: ; Shan: ; formerly called ''Mae Rong Son''), also spelled ''Maehongson'', ''Mae Hong Sorn'' or ''Maehongsorn'', is one of ...
), USA, Russia, Georgia, Iraq, Turkey, Greece *D1 – America **D1a – Colombia ***D1a1 – Brazil (Surui, Gavião) ***D1a2 – Guaraní **D1b – United States (Hispanic), Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico **D1c – United States (Hispanic), Mexican **D1d ***D1d1 – United States (Hispanic), Mexican ***D1d2 – Mexican **D1e – Brazil (Karitiana, Zoró) **D1f – Colombia (incl. Coreguaje), Ecuador (Amerindian Kichwas from the Amazonian provinces of Pastaza, Orellana, and Napo), Peru, Mexican, USA ***D1f1 – Venezuela, Brazil (Karitiana), Tiriyó, Waiwai, Katuena ***D1f2 – Colombia ***D1f3 – Mexico, USA (Native American) **D1g –
Southern Cone The Southern Cone ( es, Cono Sur, pt, Cone Sul) is a geographical and cultural subregion composed of the southernmost areas of South America, mostly south of the Tropic of Capricorn. Traditionally, it covers Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay, bou ...
of South America ***D1g1 ****D1g1a ****D1g1b ***D1g2 ****D1g2a ***D1g3 ***D1g4 ***D1g5 ***D1g6 **D1h ***D1h1 – Mexican ***D1h2 – Mexican **D1i – Peru, Mexican, United States (Hispanic) ***D1i1 – Mexican ***D1i2 – Mexican **D1j –
Southern Cone The Southern Cone ( es, Cono Sur, pt, Cone Sul) is a geographical and cultural subregion composed of the southernmost areas of South America, mostly south of the Tropic of Capricorn. Traditionally, it covers Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay, bou ...
of South America (incl. the Gran Chaco in Argentina) ***D1j1 ****D1j1a *****D1j1a1 – Argentina *****D1j1a2 **D1k – Peru, Mexican, United States (Hispanic) **D1m – Mexican **D1n – United States (Hispanic), Mexico **D1r – Peru **D1u ***D1u1 – Peru *D4a – China, Northern Thailand (Khon Mueang from Chiang Mai Province and Lamphun Province, Phuan from Phrae Province), Laos (Lao from Luang Prabang), Japan, Korea, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan (Tajik from Ferghana), Pakistan (Saraiki), Mongolia **D4a1 – Japan, Korea, Negidal,
Ulchi Ulchsky District (russian: У́льчский райо́н) is an administrativeResolution #143-pr and municipalLaw #194 district (raion), one of the administrative divisions of Khabarovsk Krai, seventeen in Khabarovsk Krai, Russia. It is locat ...
***D4a1a – Japan ****D4a1a1 – Japan, Korea *****D4a1a1a – Japan ***D4a1b – Japan, Korea ****D4a1b1 – Japan ***D4a1c – Japan, Korea ***D4a1d – Japan ***D4a1e – China, Taiwan, Dirang Monpa, Yakut ****D4a1e1 – Japan, Uyghurs ***D4a1f – Japan ****D4a1f1 – Japan ***D4a1g – China, Bargut ***D4a1h – Japan **D4a2 – Japan, Korea ***D4a2a – Japan, Korea ***D4a2b – Japan **D4a3 ***D4a3a ****D4a3a* – China (
Henan Henan (; or ; ; alternatively Honan) is a landlocked province of China, in the central part of the country. Henan is often referred to as Zhongyuan or Zhongzhou (), which literally means "central plain" or "midland", although the name is al ...
), Korea ****D4a3a1 – China (Taihang area in Henan province, Hunan Han,
Korean Korean may refer to: People and culture * Koreans, ethnic group originating in the Korean Peninsula * Korean cuisine * Korean culture * Korean language **Korean alphabet, known as Hangul or Chosŏn'gŭl **Korean dialects and the Jeju language ** ...
from Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture) ****D4a3a2 – Japan ***D4a3b ****D4a3b* – China ****D4a3b1 – Japan, Korea, China（Korean from Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture, China）, Pakistan (Kalash) ****D4a3b2 – China, Taiwan **D4a4 – Japan **D4a5 **D4a6 - China (Eastern China, Korean from Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture),
Mauritius Mauritius ( ; french: Maurice, link=no ; mfe, label=Mauritian Creole, Moris ), officially the Republic of Mauritius, is an island nation in the Indian Ocean about off the southeast coast of the African continent, east of Madagascar. It incl ...
*D4a-b **D4a-b* – China (Han Chinese from Taizhou, Zhejiang) ***D4a7 ****D4a7* – China *****D4a7a ******D4a7a* – Taiwan *******D4a7a1 – Taiwan (Hakka Han from Neipu, Pingtung) *****D4a7b ******D4a7b* – Vietnam (Kinh from Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam) *******D4a7b1 – China (Souther Han Chinese from Hunan), Taiwan (Minnan Han from Kaohsiung and Tsou from Alishan, Chiayi), Vietnam (Kinh from Gia Lâm District, Hanoi) Singapore (Malaysian) **D4a8 – China *D4b – Thailand (
Thai Thai or THAI may refer to: * Of or from Thailand, a country in Southeast Asia ** Thai people, the dominant ethnic group of Thailand ** Thai language, a Tai-Kadai language spoken mainly in and around Thailand *** Thai script *** Thai (Unicode block ...
from
Central Thailand Central Thailand (Central plain) or more specifically Siam (also known as Suvarnabhumi and Dvaravati) is one of the regions of Thailand, covering the broad alluvial plain of the Chao Phraya River. It is separated from northeast Thailand (Isan) by ...
) **D4b1 ***D4b1* – Russia (Tuvan from Tuva Republic,
Tatarstan The Republic of Tatarstan (russian: Республика Татарстан, Respublika Tatarstan, p=rʲɪsˈpublʲɪkə tətɐrˈstan; tt-Cyrl, Татарстан Республикасы), or simply Tatarstan (russian: Татарстан, tt ...
), Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyz), China (Uyghur), Mongols ***D4b1a ****D4b1a* – China ( Bargut from Inner Mongolia), South Korea, Thailand (
Iu Mien The Iu Mien language ( ium, Iu Mienh, ; zh, 勉語 or ; th, ภาษาอิวเมี่ยน) is the language spoken by the Iu Mien people in China (where they are considered a constituent group of the Yao peoples), Laos, Vietnam, Th ...
from Nan Province) ****D4b1a1 – South Korea, Japan *****D4b1a1a – South Korea, Japan, Kyrgyzstan ****D4b1a2 – Yukaghir, Neolithic
Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug ( bua, Агын Буряадай автономито тойрог) was a federal subject of the Russian Federation. On 1 March 2008, the region merged with Chita Oblast (which it was surrounded by) to form the new Z ...
*****D4b1a2a ******D4b1a2a* – Hungary, Khamnigan, Han (Beijing) ******D4b1a2a1 – China ( Bargut, Uyghur), Mongol, Kazakhstan, Karakalpak, Azeri, Turkey, Poland, Russia (Buryats in Buryat Republic and Irkutsk Oblast, Tubalars,
Ayon Ayon may refer to: People * Ayon (surname) Places * Ayon, Russia, a rural locality (a ''selo'') in Chaunsky District, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia * Ayon Island, an island off the coast of Chukotka, Russia {{disambiguation, geo ...
, Yanranay,
Karaginsky District Karaginsky District (russian: Караги́нский райо́н) is an administrativeLaw #46 and municipalLaw #336-oz district (raion) of Koryak Okrug of Kamchatka Krai, Russia, one of the eleven in the krai. It is located in the northern cen ...
), Inuit (Canada, Greenland), Canada, Native American (USA) ******D4b1a2a2 – Buryat, Todzhins, Tuvan ***D4b1b'd ****D4b1b - China, Taiwan *****D4b1b1 – Japan ******D4b1b1a – Japan *******D4b1b1a1 – Japan *****D4b1b2 – Japan, China (Han from Zhanjiang) ****D4b1d – China ( Gelao from
Daozhen Daozhen Gelao and Miao Autonomous County (; usually referred to as "Daozhen County", commonly abbreviated as Daozhen ) is a county in northernmost Guizhou province, China. It is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Zunyi. Daozhe ...
) ***D4b1c ****D3 – Oroqen, Buryat, Barghut, Yukaghir, Even, Evenk, Yakut, Dolgan, Nganasan, Inuit *****D3* – Buryat, Yakut, Yukaghir (Lower Indigirka River, Chukotka, ''etc.''), Nganasan (Vadei from the Taimyr Peninsula), Even (Severo-Evensk district, Sebjan, Sakkyryyr, Berezovka), Evenk (Taimyr Peninsula), Oroqen, Mansi *****D3a – Bargut, Buryat, Evenk (Stony Tunguska) *****D3b – Oroqen *****D3c ******D3c* – Buryat ******D3c1 *******D3c1* – Nganasan (Avam from the Taimyr Peninsula) *******D3c1a ********D3c1a1 *********D3c1a1a – Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug (Neolithic Transbaikal), Bargut (modern Inner Mongolia) *********D3c1a1b – Italy (Roman Empire) ********D3c1a2 – Ust'-Dolgoe site of Glazkovo culture (Bronze Age Cis-Baikal), Onnyos burial near Amga River (Middle Neolithic central Yakutia) *****D3d – Even (Tompo District of Yakutia, Lower Indigirka River) *****D3e – Even (Tompo District of Yakutia) **D4b2 – Japan, specimen from 4256–4071 cal YBP ( Middle Jōmon period)
Yokohama is the second-largest city in Japan by population and the most populous municipality of Japan. It is the capital city and the most populous city in Kanagawa Prefecture, with a 2020 population of 3.8 million. It lies on Tokyo Bay, south of To ...
, China, Thailand (
Hmong Hmong may refer to: * Hmong people, an ethnic group living mainly in Southwest China, Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand * Hmong cuisine * Hmong customs and culture ** Hmong music ** Hmong textile art * Hmong language, a continuum of closely related to ...
from Chiang Rai Province), India ( Gallong) ***D4b2a – Japan ****D4b2a1 – Japan ****D4b2a2 – Japan, Korea *****D4b2a2a – Japan, Kyrgyzstan ******D4b2a2a1 – Japan ******D4b2a2a2 – Japan *****D4b2a2b – Japan ***D4b2b – China (Uyghurs, Tu, Tibet, ''etc.''), South Korea, Japan, Thailand (
Khmu The Khmu (; Khmu: ; lo, ຂະມຸ ; th, ขมุ ; vi, Khơ Mú; ; my, ခမူ) are an ethnic group of Southeast Asia. The majority (88%) live in northern Laos where they constitute the largest minority ethnic group, comprising elev ...
from Nan Province), Saudi Arabia ****D4b2b1 – Japan, Korea, Buryat, Uyghur, Persian *****D4b2b1a – Japan *****D4b2b1b – Japan *****D4b2b1c – Japan *****D4b2b1d – Japan ****D4b2b2 – China (Tujia, Han from
Lanzhou Lanzhou (, ; ) is the capital and largest city of Gansu Province in Northwest China. Located on the banks of the Yellow River, it is a key regional transportation hub, connecting areas further west by rail to the eastern half of the country. H ...
, ''etc.''), Taiwan (Hakka) *****D4b2b2a – China, Taiwan, Vietnam ( Lachi) ******D4b2b2a1 – Japan, Russia *****D4b2b2b – Russia, China, South Korea *****D4b2b2c – China, Buryat ****D4b2b3 – Japan ****D4b2b4 – Northeast India (
Sherdukpen The Sherdukpen are an ethnic group of Arunachal Pradesh state of India. Their population of 9,663 is centered in West Kameng district in the villages of Rupa, Jigaon, Thongri, Shergaon, to the south of Bomdila. All of these are at elevations be ...
), China, Russia ( Tuvan) ****D4b2b5 – Barguts, Buryat, Tibet, Taiwan ****D4b2b6 – Chinese (Beijing,
Lanzhou Lanzhou (, ; ) is the capital and largest city of Gansu Province in Northwest China. Located on the banks of the Yellow River, it is a key regional transportation hub, connecting areas further west by rail to the eastern half of the country. H ...
, Denver), Korea, Armenian ****D4b2b7 – China, Taiwan (Hakka) ****D4b2b8 – Uyghur ****D4b2b9 *****D4b2b9* – China, Xibo *****D4b2b9a ******D4b2b9a* – Buryat ******D4b2b9a1 – China ***D4b2c ***D4b2d – Inner Mongolia (Bargut, Buryat) *D4c **D4c1 – Uyghur ***D4c1a – Japan, Korea ****D4c1a1 – Japan, Tashkurgan (Kyrgyz) ***D4c1b – Japan, Inner Mongolia ****D4c1b1 – Japan, Tibet ****D4c1b2 – Japan **D4c2 – Turkmenistan ***D4c2a – Uyghur (Artux), Russian Federation ****D4c2a1 – Uyghur, Buryat, Bargut, Khamnigan, Ulchi ***D4c2b – Yakut, Buryat, Bargut, Daur, Even, Uyghur, Kyrgyz, Kazakhstan, Turk, Russian, Ukraine ***D4c2c – Japan *D4d – Japan, Korea *D4e **D4e1 – Taiwan, Czech Republic (West Bohemia), Austrian, Finland, USA ***D4e1a – Thailand ( Mon from Nakhon Ratchasima Province), Moken, Urak Lawoi, China (Han from
Lanzhou Lanzhou (, ; ) is the capital and largest city of Gansu Province in Northwest China. Located on the banks of the Yellow River, it is a key regional transportation hub, connecting areas further west by rail to the eastern half of the country. H ...
, ''etc.''), Tibet, Uyghur, Korea, Japan ****D4e1a1 – Japan, Chinese ****D4e1a2 – Thailand, Sonowal Kachari *****D4e1a2a – Japan, Korea ****D4e1a3 – China ( Yao from
Bama Bama or BAMA may refer to: Places * Bama, shortened form of Alabama, a state of the United States of America ** The University of Alabama, the public university serving the state, often known as simply ''Bama'' * Bama, one of the colloquial Burm ...
, ''etc.''), Thailand (
Hmong Hmong may refer to: * Hmong people, an ethnic group living mainly in Southwest China, Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand * Hmong cuisine * Hmong customs and culture ** Hmong music ** Hmong textile art * Hmong language, a continuum of closely related to ...
,
Iu Mien The Iu Mien language ( ium, Iu Mienh, ; zh, 勉語 or ; th, ภาษาอิวเมี่ยน) is the language spoken by the Iu Mien people in China (where they are considered a constituent group of the Yao peoples), Laos, Vietnam, Th ...
), Vietnam ( Cờ Lao, Phù Lá) ***D2 – Uyghur ****D2a'b *****D2a – Aleut, Tlingit ******D2a1 – Saqqaq, ancient Canada *******D2a1a – Aleut *******D2a1b – Siberian Eskimo ******D2a2 – Chukchi, Eskimo *****D2b – Yukaghir, Even (Maya River, Okhotsk Region) ******D2b1 – China, Tibet, Kazakhstan, Kalmyk, Belarus (Tatar) *******D2b1a – Buryat, Yakut, Khamnigan, Evenk ******D2b2 – Evenk, Bargut ****D2c – Buryat ***D4e1c – Mexican **D4e2 – Japan, Korea, USA (African American) ***D4e2a – Japan, Korea ***D4e2b – Japan ***D4e2c – Japan ***D4e2d – Japan **D4e3 –
Northeast Thailand Northeast Thailand or Isan (Isan/ th, อีสาน, ; lo, ອີສານ; also written as Isaan, Isarn, Issarn, Issan, Esan, or Esarn; from Pali ''īsānna'' or Sanskrit ईशान्य ''īśānya'' "northeast") consists of 20 provin ...
( Black Tai, Saek), China, Lachungpa **D4e4 – Yakut,
Ulchi Ulchsky District (russian: У́льчский райо́н) is an administrativeResolution #143-pr and municipalLaw #194 district (raion), one of the administrative divisions of Khabarovsk Krai, seventeen in Khabarovsk Krai, Russia. It is locat ...
, Bulgaria, Poland, Russian Federation ***D4e4a – Evenk, Even, Uyghur ****D4e4a1 – Yukaghir, Evenk, Even ***D4e4b – Russian, Volga Tatar **D4e5 ***D4e5a - Xinjiang (Uyghur, Kyrgyz), Russia (Altai Kizhi, Buryat), Inner Mongolia (Bargut), Iran (Qashqai), Japan (
Aichi is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūbu region of Honshū. Aichi Prefecture has a population of 7,552,873 () and a geographic area of with a population density of . Aichi Prefecture borders Mie Prefecture to the west, Gifu Prefectu ...
) ***D4e5b - Orok (Sakhalin),
Even Even may refer to: General * Even (given name), a Norwegian male personal name * Even (surname) * Even (people), an ethnic group from Siberia and Russian Far East ** Even language, a language spoken by the Evens * Odd and Even, a solitaire game w ...
(Nelkan on the Maya River in the Okhotsk Region), Kyrgyz (
Artux Artux, Artush ( ug, ئاتۇش شەھىرى; ky, ارتىش, Артыш, Artysh), and officially rendered as Atuş ( zh, s=阿图什市, p=Ātúshí Shì),The official spelling according to is a county-level city and the capital of the Kyrgyz au ...
), Bashkortostan, Han Chinese (
Lanzhou Lanzhou (, ; ) is the capital and largest city of Gansu Province in Northwest China. Located on the banks of the Yellow River, it is a key regional transportation hub, connecting areas further west by rail to the eastern half of the country. H ...
,
Denver Denver () is a consolidated city and county, the capital, and most populous city of the U.S. state of Colorado. Its population was 715,522 at the 2020 census, a 19.22% increase since 2010. It is the 19th-most populous city in the Unit ...
) *D4f – Shor **D4f1 – Japan, Korea, Bargut *D4g **D4g* – Japan, Korea **D4g1 – Japan, Korea, Uyghur, Uzbekistan ***D4g1a – Japan ***D4g1b – Japan, Taiwan, Belarus ***D4g1c – Japan **D4g2 – China ***D4g2a – Japan ****D4g2a1 – China, Thailand ( Mon from Lopburi Province), Bargut, Buryat, Khamnigan *****D4g2a1a – Japan *****D4g2a1b – China, Thailand ( Black Tai from Kanchanaburi Province, Khon Mueang from Chiang Mai Province) *****D4g2a1c – Thailand ( Mon from Kanchanaburi Province and Ratchaburi Province), China, Wancho, Jammu and Kashmir ***D4g2b – China, Buryat ****D4g2b1 – Han Chinese, Ulchi *****D4g2b1a – Japan *D4h **D4h* – Thailand (
Khmu The Khmu (; Khmu: ; lo, ຂະມຸ ; th, ขมุ ; vi, Khơ Mú; ; my, ခမူ) are an ethnic group of Southeast Asia. The majority (88%) live in northern Laos where they constitute the largest minority ethnic group, comprising elev ...
from Nan Province, Htin from Phayao Province, Khon Mueang from Lampang Province), Philippines **D4h1 ***D4h1* – China ***D4h1a - Korea ****D4h1a1 – Korea, Japan ****D4h1a2 – Japan ***D4h1b – Hunan (
Han Han may refer to: Ethnic groups * Han Chinese, or Han People (): the name for the largest ethnic group in China, which also constitutes the world's largest ethnic group. ** Han Taiwanese (): the name for the ethnic group of the Taiwanese p ...
), Japan ***D4h1c – China (incl. Tu), Tibet ****D4h1c1 – Japan, Korea ***D4h1d – Bargut **D4h2 – Ulchi **D4h3 – Thailand (Tai Yuan from Ratchaburi Province) ***D4h3a – South America (Peru, Ecuador, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil), Mexico, USA, and Colombia. ****D4h3a1 – Chile *****D4h3a1a – Chile ******D4h3a1a1 – Chile ******D4h3a1a2 – Chile ****D4h3a2 – Chile, Argentina ****D4h3a3 – Chile *****D4h3a3a – Mexico, USA ****D4h3a4 – Peru ****D4h3a5 – Chile, Peru, Argentina ****D4h3a6 – Peru, Ecuador ****D4h3a7 – ancient Canada ****D4h3a8 – Mexico ****D4h3a9 – Peru ***D4h3b – China **D4h4 – Uyghur, Tibet, Japan ***D4h4a – Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan), Buryat, Bargut *D4i **D4i* – Japan, Uyghur, Israel (Palestinian) **D4i1 – Japan **D4i2 – Uyghur, Yakut, Dolgan, Kazakh, Volga Tatar, Buryat, Bargut, Evenk (Iengra), Even, Nanai, Yukaghir, Russia, Germany, England **D4i3 ***D4i3* – Nepal (Kathmandu) ***D4i3a – China, Taiwan (Atayal) **D4i4 – Uyghur, Tibet (Sherpa), China (
Miao Miao may refer to: * Miao people, linguistically and culturally related group of people, recognized as such by the government of the People's Republic of China * Miao script or Pollard script, writing system used for Miao languages * Miao (Unicode ...
), Vietnam (H'Mông) **D4i5 – Japan *D4j – Tibet, Uyghur, Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan, Tashkurgan, Artux), Altai, Teleut, Tuvan, Buryat, Bargut, China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan, Turkey, Italy, Czech Republic, Lithuania, Belarus **D4j1 – Thailand ( Palaung from Chiang Mai Province), Uyghur ***D4j1a – Bargut, Buryat, Khamnigan ****D4j1a1 – Lepcha, Gallong, Lachungpa, Sherpa, Tibet, Lahu, Thailand ( Lahu from
Mae Hong Son Province Mae Hong Son province ( Burmese: မဲဟောင်ဆောင်; th, แม่ฮ่องสอน, ; Northern Thai: ; Shan: ; formerly called ''Mae Rong Son''), also spelled ''Maehongson'', ''Mae Hong Sorn'' or ''Maehongsorn'', is one of ...
, Mon from Ratchaburi Province, Lawa from Mae Hong Son Province, Tai Yuan from Uttaradit Province), Kyrgyz, Uyghur, Buryat, Bargut, Khamnigan *****D4j1a1a – Gallong, Tibet *****D4j1a1b – Toto ****D4j1a2 – Tibet, Ladakh ***D4j1b – Tibet, Wancho, Nepal, Thailand (Mon from Ratchaburi Province, Palaung and Khon Mueang from Chiang Mai Province), Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan) ****D4j1b2 – Gallong **D4j2 – Lithuania, ancient Scythian (Chylenski), Yakut, Dolgan ***D4j2a – Mansi, Ket, Yakut (Vilyuy River basin) **D4j-T16311C! – Italy, Ukraine, Lithuania ***D4j3 – Russian Federation, Uyghur, Tibet, Japan, Thailand (Mon from Ratchaburi Province) ****D4j3a – China, Inner Mongolia, Ulchi *****D4j3a1 – Japan ****D4j3b - Thailand (
Lisu Lisu may refer to: *Lisu people, an ethnic group of Southeast Asia *Lisu language, spoken by the Lisu people * Old Lisu Alphabet or Fraser Alphabet *Lisu syllabary * Lisu (Unicode block), the block of Unicode characters for the Lisu language. *Lisu ...
from
Mae Hong Son Province Mae Hong Son province ( Burmese: မဲဟောင်ဆောင်; th, แม่ฮ่องสอน, ; Northern Thai: ; Shan: ; formerly called ''Mae Rong Son''), also spelled ''Maehongson'', ''Mae Hong Sorn'' or ''Maehongsorn'', is one of ...
), Tibet (
Lhoba Lhoba (English translation: ; ; bo, ལྷོ་པ།) is any of a diverse amalgamation of Sino-Tibetan-speaking tribespeople living in and around Pemako, a region in southeastern Tibet including Mainling, Medog and Zayü counties of Nying ...
), Uyghur ***D4j11 – Japan, Inner Mongolia, Buryat, Hungary, Italy **D4j4 – Nganasan, Even (
Maya River The Maya (russian: Мая) is a river in Khabarovsk Krai and Sakha, Russia. It is a right tributary of the Aldan of the Lena basin. The length of the river is . The area of its basin . The Maya freezes up in late October and stays under the ice ...
basin, NE Sakha Republic), Evenk (
Nyukzha The Nyukzha (russian: Нюкжа) is a river in Amur Oblast and Transbaikalia, East Siberia, Russian Federation. It is the second largest tributary of the Olyokma river in terms of length and area of its basin. The Nyukzha is long and has a drai ...
river basin, Iengra River basin) ***D4j4a – Evenk (Okhotsk region, Sakha Republic, Iengra River basin), Even (Okhotsk region), Ulchi, Buryat, Yakut (
Vilyuy River The Vilyuy ( rus, Вилю́й, p=vʲɪˈlʲʉj; sah, Бүлүү, ''Bülüü'', ) is a river in Russia, the longest tributary of the Lena. About long, it flows mostly within the Sakha Republic. Its basin covers about . History The river is fir ...
basin) **D4j5 – Italy, Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Iran (
Khorasan Khorasan may refer to: * Greater Khorasan, a historical region which lies mostly in modern-day northern/northwestern Afghanistan, northeastern Iran, southern Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan * Khorasan Province, a pre-2004 province of Ira ...
), Uyghur, Kyrgyz, Inner Mongolia, Buryat, Yakut, Yukaghir, Even (Sakha Republic), Evenk (Sakha Republic) **D4j-T146C! ***D4j6 – China, Buryat, Dirang Monpa ***D4j13 – Volga Tatar, Kyrgyz (Artux), Uyghur, Sherpa (Shigatse) **D4j7 – Tubalar ***D4j7a – Buryat, Bargut **D4j8 – China, Bargut, Buryat, Evenk (Sakha Republic), Yakut, Kazakh, Kyrgyz (Artux), Uyghur, Poland, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Croatia, Austria, Scotland, Argentina **D4j9 – Bargut, Buryat, Khamnigan, Tuvan **D4j10 – Tubalar, Buryat, Bargut, Khamnigan, Kazakhstan, Turk **D4j12 – Bargut, Buryat, Uyghur, Tatarstan, Belarus, Poland, Italy **D4j14 – Japan **D4j15 – China, Tibet, Kazakhstan **D4j16 – China *D4k'o'p **D4k – Japan, Korea, China (Qinghai, Kinh, ''etc.''), Uyghur, Kyrgyzstan **D4o –
Teleut ''Telenget, Telengut'' , native_name_lang = alt , image = TeleutsinRussia.png , population = , region1 = * , pop1 = 2,643 , ref1 = , region2 = , pop2 = , ref2 ...
, Uyghur, Buryat ***D4o1 ****D4o1* – Uyghur, Tubalar (Northeast Altai) ****D4o1a – Japan, Buryat ****D4o1b – Kyrgyz (
Artux Artux, Artush ( ug, ئاتۇش شەھىرى; ky, ارتىش, Артыш, Artysh), and officially rendered as Atuş ( zh, s=阿图什市, p=Ātúshí Shì),The official spelling according to is a county-level city and the capital of the Kyrgyz au ...
), Chelkan,
Teleut ''Telenget, Telengut'' , native_name_lang = alt , image = TeleutsinRussia.png , population = , region1 = * , pop1 = 2,643 , ref1 = , region2 = , pop2 = , ref2 ...
, Khamnigan, Buryat (Buryat Republic), Han Chinese (N. China) ***D4o2 – Bargut, Yakut, Evenk (Sakha Republic), Even (Kamchatka, Sakha Republic), Koryak,
Ulchi Ulchsky District (russian: У́льчский райо́н) is an administrativeResolution #143-pr and municipalLaw #194 district (raion), one of the administrative divisions of Khabarovsk Krai, seventeen in Khabarovsk Krai, Russia. It is locat ...
, China (Han from
Lanzhou Lanzhou (, ; ) is the capital and largest city of Gansu Province in Northwest China. Located on the banks of the Yellow River, it is a key regional transportation hub, connecting areas further west by rail to the eastern half of the country. H ...
) ****D4o2* – Bargut (Inner Mongolia) ****D4o2a – Manchu *****D4o2a* – Uyghur, Yakut, Nganasan, Evenk (
New Barag Left Banner New Barag Left Banner ( Mongolian: ''Sin-e Barɣu Jegün qosiɣu''; ) is a banner of Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China, bordering Mongolia Mongolia; Mongolian script: , , ; lit. "Mongol Nation" or "State of Mongolia" () is ...
), Even (Kamchatka), Koryak *****D4o2a1 – Negidal, Hezhen, Uyghur, China *****D4o2a2 – Yakut, Uyghur, ancient
Yana River The Yana ( rus, Я́на, p=ˈjanə; sah, Дьааҥы, ''Caañı'') is a river in Sakha in Russia, located between the Lena to the west and the Indigirka to the east. Course It is long, and its drainage basin covers . Including its longest ...
basin *****D4o2a3 – Bargut (Inner Mongolia), Buryat (Zabaykalsky Krai) **D4p ***D4p* – Altaian, Buryat ***D4p1 – Japan ***D4p2 – Buryat *D4l **D4l1 ***D4l1a – Japan ****D4l1a1 – Japan ***D4l1b – Bargut (Inner Mongolia), Uyghur **D4l2 – Evenk (Nyukzha, Iengra, Taimyr), Yakut (Central,
Vilyuy The Vilyuy ( rus, Вилю́й, p=vʲɪˈlʲʉj; sah, Бүлүү, ''Bülüü'', ) is a river in Russia, the longest tributary of the Lena. About long, it flows mostly within the Sakha Republic. Its basin covers about . History The river is fir ...
), Uyghur, Kazakh ***D4l2a – Even (Tompo, Sebjan), Yukaghir ****D4l2a1 – Even (Sebjan, Sakkyryyr), Evenk (Taimyr), Yakut, Yukaghir ****D4l2a2 – Evenk, Negidal, Yukaghir ***D4l2b – China, Tibet (Lhasa) *D4m **D4m* – Tubalar (Northeast Altai) **D4m1 – Japan **D4m2 – Mongolia, South Korea ***D4m2a – Nivkh, Ulchi, Yakut, Buryat, Evenk, Even, Yukaghir, South Korea ****D4m2a* – Nivkh, Buryat ****D4m2a1 *****D4m2a1* – Evenk (Central Siberia) *****D4m2a1a – Evens (two from Sakkyryyr and one from
Tompo The Tompo (russian: Томпо) is a river in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia), Russia, a right tributary of the Aldan, part of the Lena basin. River Tompo gives its name to the Tompo District. It flows across desolate regions, Topolinoye being the ...
), Yukaghir ****D4m2a2 – Nivkh ****D4m2a3 – Yakut ****D4m2a4 – Nivkh ***D4m2b – Tuvinian, Daur Bargut (Inner Mongolia), Mongolia, Uyghur **D4m3 – Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan,
Artux Artux, Artush ( ug, ئاتۇش شەھىرى; ky, ارتىش, Артыш, Artysh), and officially rendered as Atuş ( zh, s=阿图什市, p=Ātúshí Shì),The official spelling according to is a county-level city and the capital of the Kyrgyz au ...
), Uyghur *D4n **D4n* – Japan, Korea **D4n1 ***D4n1* – Japan ***D4n1a – Japan **D4n2 ***D4n2a – China ***D4n2b – Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan), Tibet, Bargut (Inner Mongolia), Buryat (Irkutsk Oblast) *D4q – Taiwan,MtDNA Haplotree at FTDNA
/ref> China, Kyrgyz,
Tajiks Tajiks ( fa, تاجيک، تاجک, ''Tājīk, Tājek''; tg, Тоҷик) are a Persian-speaking Iranian ethnic group native to Central Asia, living primarily in Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. Tajiks are the largest ethnicity in Tajik ...
, India (Jammu and Kashmir), Germany, Poland, Netherlands, United States **D4q1 – Toto ***D4q1a – Toto **D4q2 - Kyrgyz, India (Uttar Pradesh Upper Caste Brahmin) ***D4q2a -
Sherdukpen The Sherdukpen are an ethnic group of Arunachal Pradesh state of India. Their population of 9,663 is centered in West Kameng district in the villages of Rupa, Jigaon, Thongri, Shergaon, to the south of Bomdila. All of these are at elevations be ...
**D4q3 - Uyghur **D4q4 -
Lhoba Lhoba (English translation: ; ; bo, ལྷོ་པ།) is any of a diverse amalgamation of Sino-Tibetan-speaking tribespeople living in and around Pemako, a region in southeastern Tibet including Mainling, Medog and Zayü counties of Nying ...
*D4r – Thailand, Myanmar *D4s **D4s1 ***D4s1* – Vietnam (
Si La The Si La (also Sila or Syla) are an ethnic group of about 3,151 people living in northern Laos and another 600 living in two villages: Nậm Sin and Seo Hay of Lai Châu Province, Northwest region, Vietnam. Culture The Si La people speak a ...
, Hà Nhì) ***D4s1a – Vietnam ( Hà Nhì) **D4s2 – Tashkurgan (Sarikoli, Kyrgyz) **D4s3 – Tibet (Lhasa), Uyghur, Tuvinian *D4t – China, Korea, Japan *D4u **D4u* **D4u1 ***D4u1* – Iran (Qashqai) ***D4u1a – Tashkurgan (Sarikoli) *D4v – Thailand *D4w – Japan (Tokyo), Tu *D4x – Peru (pre-Columbian Lima) *D4y – Vietnam ( La Chí) *D4z – China


D5'6

D5'6 (16189) is mainly found in
East Asia East Asia is the eastern region of Asia, which is defined in both geographical and ethno-cultural terms. The modern states of East Asia include China, Japan, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan. China, North Korea, South Korea and ...
and
Southeast Asia Southeast Asia, also spelled South East Asia and South-East Asia, and also known as Southeastern Asia, South-eastern Asia or SEA, is the geographical United Nations geoscheme for Asia#South-eastern Asia, south-eastern region of Asia, consistin ...
, especially in China, Korea, and Japan. It does not appear to have participated in the migration to the Americas, and frequencies in Central, North, and South Asia are generally lower, although the D5a2a2 subclade is prevalent (57/423 = 13.48%) among the
Yakuts The Yakuts, or the Sakha ( sah, саха, ; , ), are a Turkic ethnic group who mainly live in the Republic of Sakha in the Russian Federation, with some extending to the Amur, Magadan, Sakhalin regions, and the Taymyr and Evenk Districts ...
, a Turkic-speaking group that migrated to Siberia in historical times under the pressure of the Mongol expansion. *D5 - Taiwan ( Paiwan) **D5a'b (D5-A9180G) - Korean,
Tai Yuan The Northern Thai people or Tai Yuan ( th, ไทยวน, ), self-designation ''khon mu(e)ang'' ( nod, , คนเมือง meaning "people of the (cultivated) land" or "people of our community") are a Tai ethnic group, native to eight p ...
in
Northern Thailand Northern Thailand, or more specifically Lanna, is geographically characterised by several mountain ranges, which continue from the Shan Hills in bordering Myanmar to Laos, and the river valleys which cut through them. Though like most of Thailand ...
***D5a - China, Korea, Japan, Buryat, Poland ****D5a1 - Japan (TMRCA 7,300 5% CI 3,300 <-> 14,200ybpYFull MTree 1.02.8328 (as of 11 March 2021)
/ref>) *****D5a1a - Japan ******D5a1a1 - Japan ******D5a1a2 - Japan ****D5a2 - Gallong, Korea (TMRCA 12,500 5% CI 8,900 <-> 17,100ybp) *****D5a2a - Russia (
Tula Oblast Tula Oblast (russian: Ту́льская о́бласть, ''Tulskaya oblast'') is a federal subjects of Russia, federal subject (an Oblasts of Russia, oblast) of Russia. It is geographically in the European Russia region of the country and is p ...
, Buryat), China, Japan (TMRCA 10,400 5% CI 7,400 <-> 14,200ybp) ******D5a2a-T16092C - China, Korea *******D5a2a1 - China (Han from
Lanzhou Lanzhou (, ; ) is the capital and largest city of Gansu Province in Northwest China. Located on the banks of the Yellow River, it is a key regional transportation hub, connecting areas further west by rail to the eastern half of the country. H ...
, ''etc.''), Tibet ( Monpa,
Deng Deng may refer to: * Deng (company), is a Danish engineering, electrical, solar power and sales company in Accra, Ghana * Deng (state), an ancient Chinese state * Deng (Chinese surname), originated from the state ** Deng Xiaoping, paramount leader ...
), Vietnam ( Hà Nhì), Korea, Japan (Gifu), Buryat, Tuvan, Kazakh ********D5-C16172T! - Burusho, Tubalar, Kumandin (Turochak), Todzhi (Adir-Kezhig), Buryat (South Siberia, Inner Mongolia), Wancho, Gallong, Monpa, Myanmar (Burmese from Pakokku), Thailand ( Lawa from Mae Hong Son Province), China (Han from Fujian,
Miao Miao may refer to: * Miao people, linguistically and culturally related group of people, recognized as such by the government of the People's Republic of China * Miao script or Pollard script, writing system used for Miao languages * Miao (Unicode ...
, ''etc.''), Taiwan *********D5a2a1a - Japan (Aichi, Chiba, ''etc.''), China **********D5a2a1a1 - Japan (Aichi, ''etc.'') ***********D5a2a1a1a - Japan (Chiba, ''etc.'') ***********D5a2a1a1b - China (Uyghurs), Poland **********D5a2a1a2 - Japan (Gifu, Tokyo, ''etc.'') ********D5a2a1b - Sonowal Kachari, Gallong, China (Han from Zhanjiang, ''etc.''), Tibet (Lhoba, Tingri,
Deng Deng may refer to: * Deng (company), is a Danish engineering, electrical, solar power and sales company in Accra, Ghana * Deng (state), an ancient Chinese state * Deng (Chinese surname), originated from the state ** Deng Xiaoping, paramount leader ...
), Kyrgyz (Artux) *********D5a2a1b1 - China, Taiwan (Minnan) *******D5a2a2 - Japan (Aichi), Bargut, Buryat, Kyrgyz (Artux), Tibet (Shannan), Yakut, Dolgan, Yukaghir, Evenk (Iengra, Nyukzha, Taimyr, Sakha Republic), Even (Sakha Republic) (TMRCA 3,500 5% CI 2,300 <-> 5,000ybp) *****D5a2b - Thailand (
Iu Mien The Iu Mien language ( ium, Iu Mienh, ; zh, 勉語 or ; th, ภาษาอิวเมี่ยน) is the language spoken by the Iu Mien people in China (where they are considered a constituent group of the Yao peoples), Laos, Vietnam, Th ...
from Nan Province), Vietnam (
Si La The Si La (also Sila or Syla) are an ethnic group of about 3,151 people living in northern Laos and another 600 living in two villages: Nậm Sin and Seo Hay of Lai Châu Province, Northwest region, Vietnam. Culture The Si La people speak a ...
, Hà Nhì), Tibet (
Deng Deng may refer to: * Deng (company), is a Danish engineering, electrical, solar power and sales company in Accra, Ghana * Deng (state), an ancient Chinese state * Deng (Chinese surname), originated from the state ** Deng Xiaoping, paramount leader ...
, Sherpa), China (TMRCA 10,400 5% CI 7,200 <-> 14,500ybp) ****D5a3 - Tibet, Korea, Japan (TMRCA 11,100 5% CI 6,300 <-> 18,100ybp) *****D5a3a - China, Tibet, Finland ******D5a3a1 - China, Uyghur, Ukraine *******D5a3a1a - Finland, Norway (Saami), Russia (Veliky Novgorod, ''etc.''), Mansi *****D5a3b - China, Korea (
Seoul Seoul (; ; ), officially known as the Seoul Special City, is the capital and largest metropolis of South Korea.Before 1972, Seoul was the ''de jure'' capital of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) as stated iArticle 103 ...
) ***D5b - Uyghur, China ****D5b1 *****D5b1* - China, Uyghur *****D5b1a ******D5b1a1 - Japan, Korea, China (Hubei, ''etc.'') ******D5b1a2 - Japan *****D5b1b ******D5b1b* - Japan, Korea ******D5b1b1 - Japan, Korea, Uzbekistan ******D5b1b2 *******D5b1b2* - Japan, Korea, Taiwan (Minnan), Uyghur *******D5b1b2a - Uyghur *******D5b1b2b - Uyghur *******D5b1b2c - Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan) ******D5b1b3 - Japan ******D5b1b4 - China *****D5b1c ******D5b1c* - China (Han from Kunming) ******D5b1c1 - China, Taiwan, Philippines, Indonesia, Vietnam (Kinh) *******D5b1c1* - Taiwan (Minnan, ''etc.'') *******D5b1c1a ********D5b1c1a* - Taiwan (Amis, Puyuma, ''etc.''), Indonesia (Manado), Chinese (Singapore) ********D5b1c1a1 - Philippines (Kankanaey, Ifugao, ''etc.'') ********D5b1c1a2 - Philippines (Ibaloi) *******D5b1c1b - China ******D5b1c2 - Uyghur *****D5b1d - Han Chinese (Beijing), Yakut *****D5b1e - China *****D5b1f - China ****D5b2 - Japan ****D5b3 *****D5b3* - Vietnam (
Kinh The Vietnamese people ( vi, người Việt, lit=Viet people) or Kinh people ( vi, người Kinh) are a Southeast Asian ethnic group native to modern-day Northern Vietnam and Southern China (Jing Islands, Dongxing, Guangxi). The native lang ...
,
Tay Tay may refer to: People and languages * Tay (name), including lists of people with the given name, surname and nickname * Tay people, an ethnic group of Vietnam ** Tày language *Atayal language, an Austronesian language spoken in Taiwan (ISO 639 ...
), Thailand ( Phuan), Laos ( Lao), Taiwan (Minnan, ''etc.'') *****D5b3a - Taiwan (Paiwan, Rukai, Puyuma) ******D5b3a1 - Taiwan (Rukai, Bunun, Paiwan, ''etc.'') *****D5b3b - Thailand ( Shan from
Mae Hong Son Province Mae Hong Son province ( Burmese: မဲဟောင်ဆောင်; th, แม่ฮ่องสอน, ; Northern Thai: ; Shan: ; formerly called ''Mae Rong Son''), also spelled ''Maehongson'', ''Mae Hong Sorn'' or ''Maehongsorn'', is one of ...
, Black Tai from Kanchanaburi Province,
Tai Yuan The Northern Thai people or Tai Yuan ( th, ไทยวน, ), self-designation ''khon mu(e)ang'' ( nod, , คนเมือง meaning "people of the (cultivated) land" or "people of our community") are a Tai ethnic group, native to eight p ...
from Ratchaburi Province), Vietnam (
Kinh The Vietnamese people ( vi, người Việt, lit=Viet people) or Kinh people ( vi, người Kinh) are a Southeast Asian ethnic group native to modern-day Northern Vietnam and Southern China (Jing Islands, Dongxing, Guangxi). The native lang ...
) ****D5b4 - Thailand ( Siamese,
Hmong Hmong may refer to: * Hmong people, an ethnic group living mainly in Southwest China, Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand * Hmong cuisine * Hmong customs and culture ** Hmong music ** Hmong textile art * Hmong language, a continuum of closely related to ...
from Chiang Rai Province), Vietnam (Tay Nung, Cờ Lao, Tay, Kinh), Taiwan (Minnan, Makatao, ''etc.''), China (Han) ****D5b5 - Uyghur **D5c ***D5c1 - Japan, Han Chinese (Beijing) ****D5c1a - Japan, Taiwan (Minnan, ''etc.''), China, Uyghur, Tubalar, Kumandin (
Turochak Turochak (russian: Туроча́к, alt, Турачак, ''Turaçak'') is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Turochaksky District of the Altai Republic, Russia. Population: Climate Turochak has a humid continental clim ...
, Soltonsky District), Shor ( Biyka, ''etc.''), Kyrgyzstan (TMRCA 4,500 5% CI 3,300 <-> 6,100ybp) ***D5c-T16311C! - Vietnam (
Kinh The Vietnamese people ( vi, người Việt, lit=Viet people) or Kinh people ( vi, người Kinh) are a Southeast Asian ethnic group native to modern-day Northern Vietnam and Southern China (Jing Islands, Dongxing, Guangxi). The native lang ...
), Mongolian, ChinaMtDNA Haplotree at Family Tree DNA
/ref> ****D5c2 - China, Japan *D6 **D6a - Philippines, East Timor ***D6a1 ****D6a1* - Tibet, China, Korea, Japan ****D6a1a - China, Japan ***D6a2 - Taiwan (Atayal), Philippines **D6c - China (
She people The She people (; Shehua: ; Cantonese: , Fuzhou: ) are an ethnic group in China. They form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China. The She are the largest ethnic minority in Fujian, Zhejiang, and Jia ...
, Han from Zhanjiang), Taiwan (Minnan), Thailand ( Phutai from
Kalasin Province Kalasin ( th, กาฬสินธุ์, ) is one of Thailand's seventy-six provinces (''changwat''), located in upper northeastern Thailand, also called Isan. The province was established by the Act Establishing Changwat Kalasin, BE 2490 (194 ...
) ***D6c1 - Philippines ****D6c1a - Philippines (
Maranao The Maranao people (Maranao: mәranaw Filipino: ''Maranaw''), also spelled Meranao, Maranaw, and Mëranaw, is the term used by the Philippine government to refer to the southern indigenous people who are the "people of the lake", a predomi ...
)


Table of frequencies by ethnic group


See also

*
Genealogical DNA test A genealogical DNA test is a DNA-based test used in genetic genealogy that looks at specific locations of a person's genome in order to find or verify ancestral genealogical relationships, or (with lower reliability) to estimate the ethnic mixt ...
*
Genetic genealogy Genetic genealogy is the use of genealogical DNA tests, i.e., DNA profiling and DNA testing, in combination with traditional genealogical methods, to infer genetic relationships between individuals. This application of genetics came to be used b ...
*
Human mitochondrial genetics Human mitochondrial genetics is the study of the genetics of human mitochondrial DNA (the DNA contained in human mitochondria). The human mitochondrial genome is the entirety of hereditary information contained in human mitochondria. Mitochondri ...
*
Population genetics Population genetics is a subfield of genetics that deals with genetic differences within and between populations, and is a part of evolutionary biology. Studies in this branch of biology examine such phenomena as adaptation, speciation, and pop ...
*
Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups Humans (''Homo sapiens'') are the most abundant and widespread species of primate, characterized by bipedalism and exceptional cognitive skills due to a large and complex brain. This has enabled the development of advanced tools, culture, ...
* Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas


References


External links

*General **Ian Logan'
Mitochondrial DNA Site
*Haplogroup D **Mannis van Oven'



from ''
National Geographic ''National Geographic'' (formerly the ''National Geographic Magazine'', sometimes branded as NAT GEO) is a popular American monthly magazine published by National Geographic Partners. Known for its photojournalism, it is one of the most widely ...
'' ** {{DEFAULTSORT:Haplogroup D (Mtdna) D